1610-1614: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canoni Descriptio (Marvellous Description of Logarithmic Rules), logarithmic tables for multiplying, dividing, raising to power or extracting root, by John Napier (1550-1617). They took four years of fastidious calculations by pencil and paper, but they were only published in 1644, thirty years after their completion and twenty-seven after the death of Mister Napier. Taking the word "computer" in its etymological sense of "counter" or "calculator", some of those primitive computers are: -The calculation devices of John Napier in 1617, of William Oughtred in 1621-1627, and of Bissaker in 1654. -The calculator machines of Heinrich Schickart in 1623, of Blaise Pascal in 1642-1652, of Sir Samuel Morland about 1660, of Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1694, and of Mattieu Hahn in 1779. Besides those purely mathematical calculators, the first automatic machines were built by M. Falcon in 1728, by Basile Bouchon in those years, and by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801-1804. The first mechanic computers were tentatively built by Charles Babbage in 1821-1834 and in 1834-1871, although they were never finished by him.

The first operational mechanic computer was built by Vannevar Bush in 1930. The first electro mechanic tabulator was built by Hermann Hollerith in 1880-1889. The first electro mechanic computers were tentatively built by George Stibitz with Samuel Williams in 1937-1940, although they were never finished by them. Most advanced computers built since the mid 1940's are fully electronic, although purely mechanical or electro-mechanical counters or calculators were built until the 1970's. 1847: The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, essay by George Boole. Still today they can be found at good stationery shops, but in the same fashion as with logarithmic tables, calculation rulers gradually fell out of favour in the 1970's, what is billiards with the advent of electronic calculators. Gopher presents a menu list from which a text document or another resource can be chosen. Moving the Sun is about 6 orders of magnitude more difficult than moving the Earth but the Sun is continuously emitting energy which can be productively harnessed for this purpose. Suppose that they all jumped ten metres in the air (a huge overestimate, fifty centimetres is more likely and probably much less). Handicapping was applied to horse-racing as early as 1680, though the word was not used in this connexion much before the middle of the 18th century.

Rather than simply bouncing off, the object destroyed much of both itself and Earth, causing a VAST spray of matter to be hurled off from the impact point; this matter coagulated into what is now the Moon. Certainly, no single impact is going to do all the course changing you'll be wanting to pull off. Billiards method. Clonk the Earth with something big and heavy, causing it to alter course. The traditional mahogany billiards table is still in use, but tables are now generally made of other woods and synthetic materials. I have mentioned golf and billiards together as the two games that give the hardest test of nerve, and the reason is this, that in both games strength is the all-important matter: strokes that require calculation of strength want nerve, but frequently are played without it. Yes, while various sizes exist, regulation sizes are commonly used for professional play. One bit of advice may finish this chapter-let faddists play each other and leave the non-faddists to enjoy their game in their own way. He also speculated on how computers might play chess. History of Computing Including advances in Mathematics, Physics, Electronics and related disciplines The false notion of the computer as a "modern" invention The impressive boom of computers in the last few years makes many ignorants think that they represent a totally new invention, but it is not so.

Although improvements made in Computing advance at an incredible speed, devices or machines that could be considered as a kind of primitive computers have been projected, or have been tentatively or effectively built, for the last two hundred to four hundred years. It was intended as a lingua franca of programming, applied also to scientific or commercial purposes and to computing systems. The first operational, partly electro mechanic and partly electronic computers, were built by Konrad Zuse with Helmut Schreyer in 1941-1943. The first operational, fully electronic computers, were built by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman and with other collaborators in 1941-1943, and by Presper Eckert with John Mauchly and with John Von Neumann in 1943-1946. Other geniuses existed who deserve a place in Computing History. Walkyrie who takes our dead heroes to Walhalla in Asgard. From Persia the system is copied by Arab mathematicians about 720, who carry it to territories under Islamic control. In a short time and until the early 1980's most microcomputers had the CP/M system or were programmable in Basic, resident in Read Only Memory. It has been said, that every match is won by the short game; this, like many much-quoted sayings, is a half-truth.

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